UHulumeni

Uhulumeni uluhlelo noma iqembu labantu elibusa umphakathi ohleliwe, ngokuvamile umbuso.

Ngenxa yencaciselo ebanzi eyamaniswa nawo, uhulumeni imvama uhilela isishayamthetho, isigungu songqongqoshe, nezokwahlulela. Uhulumeni uyindlela esetshenziswayo ukuphoqelela izinqubomgomo ezingokwenhlangano, kanye nendlela yokunquma inqubomgomo. Emazweni amaningi, uhulumeni uba nohlobo lomthethosisekelo, umbhalo wegemu nenjulalwazi yawo yokubusa.

Nakuba zonke zinhlobo zezinhlangano zinohlelo lokubusa, ibizo elithi uhulumeni livame ukusetshenziswa ngokuqondile ukubhekisela kohulumeni bamazwe abacishe babe ngama-200 kanye nezinhlangano ezingaphansi kwabo.

Izinhlobo ezinkulu zezimiso zezombusazwe esikhathini samanje zihlanganisa imibuso yabantu, ubukhosi, umbuso wezicukuthwane, kanye nemibuso yesandla esiqinile nendlovukayiohikiswa. Ngokomlando izinhlobo zohulumeni ezidumule zihlanganisa ubukhosi, umbuso wedlanzana, umbuso wabantu, umbuso kathixo, nobushiqela. Lezi zinhlobo azitholakale zihamba ngazodwa ngokuphelele, futhi uhulumeni oyingxube yiwona ojwayelekile. Isici esiyinhloko sanoma iyiphi injulalwazi kahulumeni indlela amandla okubusa izwe azuzwa ngayo, okuyinto ezindleleni ezimbili zokubusa etholakala ngomncintiswano wokhetho nangefa elizuzwayo.

INcasiselo noMsuka

Elithi uhulumeni igama elisetshenziswa ukuchasisa uhlelo noma isimiso esibusayo sombuso noma umphakathi. INgqoqelolwazi i-Columbia ichasisa uhulumeni ngokuthi "yisimiso sokulawula umphakathi esinelungelo lokushaya imithetho, nelungelo lokuyiphoqelela, futhi siphathiswe iqembu elithile labantu emphakathini." Nakuba zonke izinhlobo zezinhlangano zinendlela yokubusa ngaphakathi, igama elithi uhulumeni lisetshenziswa ngokuqondile ekubhekiseleni kohulumeni abazimele bamazwe womhlaba abangaba ngama-200, kanye nezinhlangano ezingaphansi kwabo, ezifana nohulumeni beziFundazwe kanye nohulumeni basezindaweni.

Ibizo elithi 'uhulumeni' livela ekuphinyisweni kwegama lesibhunu elithi 'goerverment' , ekuqaleni elaliphinyiswa ngokuthi 'uhulumende'.

uMlando

Ohulumeni bokuqala

Isimongotho sohukumeni babantu ukuthi baqala ngamuphi umzuzu asaziwa; Kodwa umlando uyasilandisa ngohukumeni bakudala bokuqala. Cishe eminyakeni eyizi-5,000 edlule, kwavela imibuso yezidlavela emincane yokuqala. Ngenkulungwane Yesibili BC, eminye imibuzo yezidlavela yayisikhulile bgokwendawo ebuswayo: ISumeri, iGibhithe lasendulo, impucuzeko yesigodi sase-Indus kanye nempucuzeko yoMfula oPhuzi.

Isizathu esisodwa esichaza ukuvela kohulumeni sihlanganisa ezolimo. Ezolimo bezilokhu ziyindlela ekhabangulayo yokwandisa okudliwayo. Ukwanda kokudla kwayivumela abanye ukuba babe ongoti nobuqhebeqhebe obungebona obezolimo. Obunye ubuqhebeqhebe babuhlanganisa ukubusa phezu kwabanye. Abanye babenza imigcanso yezindlela zokubusa ezihlukene. Bonke lobu buqhebeqhebe Baba yisisekelo sokuba khona koholumeni. ^[1] Labo hulumeni baqhubeka nokuba yinkimbinkimbi lspho ezolimo zeseka abantu abaningi, kwavela anasiko amasha, nezingcebdezi zonphakathi ezintsha ezazidibga uhulumeni azilawule. Usomlando uDavid Christian uyachaza:

Njengoba abantu abalimayo babe ziqoqa kuba izidlidli, ukwenanana phakathi kwamaqembu abantu kwakhula kanjalo nezingcindezi zenhlalo, ngokufanayo nokwakekha kwezinkanyezi, kwavela izimhlaka ezintsha kungazelelwe, zihambisana amazinga amasha obunkiyankiya. Njengezinkanyezi, izidlavela nemibuso ihlelemba kabusha ifukuthise Izinto ezingaohakathi komnyondo wazo.

Enye incazelo ihlanganisa isidingo sokuphatha ngokufanele imiklamo yengqalasizinda efana yengqalasizinda yamanzi. Ngokomlando, lokhu kwakudibga ulawulohlelo ilunyombanisiwe kanye nokuhlelemba ezenhlalo, njengoba kubonakele esifundeni ezifana neMesiphothamiya.^[2] Kodwa, bukhoma ubufakazi bemivubukilo obuveza ukuthi nemiphakathi engalenazikhundla nengabyomboniswanga ngendlela eyinkimbinkimbi yayiphumelela.^[3]

Ohulumeni banamuhla

Kusuka ngekhulu-17, ukwanda kohulumeni abayimibuso yabantu kwakhula. Impi yaphakathi eNgilandi kanye neNguqulambuso eKhazimulayo kwakhulisa kwezinhlobo zokumelekwa kuhulumeni. Ubumbano laseSoviet kwaba izwe lokuqala elaba nohukumeni wamaKhomanisi. Selokhi kwadilika udonga lwaseBerlin, umbuso wabantu wobukhulula ubulokhu ubuhlobo lukahulumeni oluvamile.

Ekhulwini le-19 nelama-20, uhulumeni wakhulua kakhulu ngobungako nangobunzima emazingeni kazwelonke. Lokhu kwahlanganisa nokulawulwa kwemishumanqa nokuvela kombuso wesondlo.

Izinhlobo zohulumeni

UPlato encwadini yakhe ebizwa Umbusobala Republic (375 BC) wehlukanisa ohulumeni ngokwezinhlobo ezinhlanu eziyisisekelo:^[4]

Umbuso wezicukuthwane (Aristocracy) (Ukubusa koMthetho, uhlobo lokubusa olungabashiqeli abantu)
Umbuso wempahla (Timocracy) (Ukubusa ngodumo nemfanelo yokuba nempahla, njengombutho wezempi ozuzisayo; iSparta isibonelo)
Umbuso wezigwili (Oligarchy) (Ukubusa ngomcebo nemithetho yendayi, njengombuso wobuhlohlesakhe onguthelawayeka)
Umbuso wabantu (Democracy) (Ukubusa ngenkululeko nokulingana komphakathi, izakhamizi zikhululekile)
Ubudlova (Tyranny) (Ukubusa ngetwetwe, njengombuso wesidlova)

Encwadini yakhe ethi Ezombusazwe Politics, uArisitotile wenaba nemibuso emihlanu kaPlato, eyidingida ngokuhlobene nohukumeni woyedwa, abambalwa noweningi.^[5] Kulapho ukujinjwa kohulumeni ngokwezinhlobo zabo ojuselwe khona: amandla angabikwa umuntu oyedwa (indlovukayiojikiswa), noma ubukhosi, noma anikwe idlanzana labantu (umbuso wezicukuthwane), noma anikwe abantu bonke (umbuso wabantu njengombusobala).

Izimiso zombusazwe zanamuhla

Ubundlovukayiphikiswa

Ubundlovukayiphikiswa (autocracy) uhlelo lukahulumeni lapho amandla aphakeme anqokothelwe esandleni somuntu oyedwa, izinqumo zakhe okungafanele zivinjelwe, noma ziphikiswe ngaphandle uma eketulwa noma kuvuka izibhelu.^[6] Ubukhosi obuphelele (Absolute monarchy) ngokomlando babuluhlobo lobundlovukayiohikiswa obabudumile, lapho khona inkosi yayibusa iyodwa ngaphandle kwemingcele. Iningi lobukhosi obunjalo luzuzwa njengefa, Kodwa bukhoma nobukhosi ngokukhethwa, obusetshenziswa ibandla lamaKhatholika. Ezinye izinhlobo zobundlovukayiphikiswa zihlanganisa ubudlova, nobushiqela.

Umbuso wezicukuthwane

Umbuso wezicukuthwane (Aristocracy)' uhlobo lukahulumeni olunika idlanzana lezicukuthwane zesigaba songxiwankulu amandla. Lesi isigaba esifana nezilomo ezinobucwicwi bezenhlalo. Lesi sigaba siqhuba umbuso wedlanzana, ongaba umbuso wempahla (timocracy), umbuso wezicebi (plutocracy) noma umbuso wezigwili (oligarchy).

Izinhlobo eziningi zobukhosi kwakuyimibuso yezicukuthwane, nakuba namuhla sekugcwele ubukhosi bomthethosisekelo, lapho khona inkosi inqundwa khona amandla amaningi.

Umbuso wabantu

Main article: Umbuso wabantu

Umbuso wabantu uyisimiso sikahulumeni lapho izakhamizi zinamandla ngokukhetha noma ukuvota. Kumbuso wabantu oqondile (direct democracy), izakhamizi zonke ngokuqondile ziyindikimba ehlanganyela ukubusa futhi zikhetha ngokuqondile (zinezwi) kunoma iluphi udaba. Kumbuso wabantu ongaqondile (indirect democracy), izakhamizi zibusa ngokungaqondile ngokuthi zikhethe isiqoqodwane phakathi kwazo esizobamelela, ngokusebenzisa ukhetho. Isiqoqodwane Sona kufanele sihlangane sakhe indikimba ebuswayo, efana nesiShayamtuetho noma abahluleli.

Abanye ohulumeni baxuba umbuso wabantu oqondile nangoqondile, ngokuthi izakhamizi zikhethe isiqoqodwane esizobhekela ezokubusa kwansuku zonke, kuyilapho nazo zinelungelo lokubusa ngokuqondile ngemibhidlango, neZwi labantu (referendum), nelungelo lokugudluza. Kumbuso wabantu womthethosisekelo amandla eningi asetshenziswa ngaphakathi kohlaka lomthetho, kodwa umthethosisekelo unqunda intando yeningi, ngokuhlinzeka bonke ngamalungelo kawonke, afana nelungelo lokukhuluma, noma ilungelo lokuziyamanisa.^[7]^[8]

Amaphatho

↑ Eagly, Alice H.; Wood, Wendy (June 1999). "The Origins of Sex Differences in Human Behavior: Evolved Dispositions Versus Social Roles". American Psychologist 54 (6): 408–423. Bibcode 1999AmPsy..54..408E. doi:10.1037/0003-066x.54.6.408. http://www.sscnet.ucla.edu/anthro/faculty/fiske/facets/eagly%26wood.htm. Retrieved 1 September 2023.
↑ Fukuyama, Francis (2012-03-27). The Origins of Political Order: From Prehuman Times to the French Revolution (in i-English). Farrar, Straus and Giroux. p. 70. ISBN 978-0-374-53322-9.
↑ Roosevelt, Anna C. (1999). "The Maritime, Highland, Forest Dynamic and the Origins of Complex Culture". In Salomon, Frank; Schwartz, Stuart B. Cambridge history of the Native peoples of the Americas: South America, Volume 3. Cambridge University Press. pp. 266–267. ISBN 978-0-521-63075-7. Archived from the original on 24 June 2016. Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (help)
↑ Abjorensen, Norman (2019). Historical Dictionary of Democracy. Rowman & Littlefield. pp. 288–. ISBN 978-1-5381-2074-3. OCLC 1081354236.
↑ Jordović, Ivan (2019). Taming Politics: Plato and the Democratic Roots of Tyrannical Man. Franz Steiner Verlag. p. intro. ISBN 978-3-515-12457-7. OCLC 1107421360.
↑ Johnson, Paul M. "Autocracy: A Glossary of Political Economy Terms". Auburn.edu. Archived from the original on 26 December 2018. Kulandwe ngomhlaka 14 September 2012. Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (help)
↑ Oxford English Dictionary: "democracy".
↑ Watkins, Frederick (1970). "Democracy" (in en). Encyclopædia Britannica. 7 (Expo '70 hardcover ed.). William Benton. pp. 215–223. ISBN 978-0-85229-135-1.

[Eagly99-1] Eagly, Alice H.; Wood, Wendy (June 1999). "The Origins of Sex Differences in Human Behavior: Evolved Dispositions Versus Social Roles". American Psychologist 54 (6): 408–423. Bibcode 1999AmPsy..54..408E. doi:10.1037/0003-066x.54.6.408. http://www.sscnet.ucla.edu/anthro/faculty/fiske/facets/eagly%26wood.htm. Retrieved 1 September 2023.

[Fukuyama-2012-2] Fukuyama, Francis (2012-03-27). The Origins of Political Order: From Prehuman Times to the French Revolution (in i-English). Farrar, Straus and Giroux. p. 70. ISBN 978-0-374-53322-9.

[3] Roosevelt, Anna C. (1999). "The Maritime, Highland, Forest Dynamic and the Origins of Complex Culture". In Salomon, Frank; Schwartz, Stuart B. Cambridge history of the Native peoples of the Americas: South America, Volume 3. Cambridge University Press. pp. 266–267. ISBN 978-0-521-63075-7. Archived from the original on 24 June 2016. Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (help)

[Abjorensen2019-4] Abjorensen, Norman (2019). Historical Dictionary of Democracy. Rowman & Littlefield. pp. 288–. ISBN 978-1-5381-2074-3. OCLC 1081354236.

[Jordović2019-5] Jordović, Ivan (2019). Taming Politics: Plato and the Democratic Roots of Tyrannical Man. Franz Steiner Verlag. p. intro. ISBN 978-3-515-12457-7. OCLC 1107421360.

[6] Johnson, Paul M. "Autocracy: A Glossary of Political Economy Terms". Auburn.edu. Archived from the original on 26 December 2018. Kulandwe ngomhlaka 14 September 2012. Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (help)

[7] Oxford English Dictionary: "democracy".

[britannica-8] Watkins, Frederick (1970). "Democracy" (in en). Encyclopædia Britannica. 7 (Expo '70 hardcover ed.). William Benton. pp. 215–223. ISBN 978-0-85229-135-1.

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