ⵜⴰⵙⵏⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⵓⴱⴳ

ⴰⵏⵙⵓⴼ ⵉⵙⵙⵓⵏ ⴳ ⵡⵉⴽⵉⴱⵉⴷⵢⴰ ⴰⵙⴰⵎⵓ ⵉⵍⴻⵍⵍⵉ ⵏⵏⴰ ⴳ ⵉⵣⵎⵔ ⴽⵓ ⵢⴰⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵔⴰ	ⴰⵚⵉⴹⵢⴰⵙ 12 ⵢⵓⵍⵢⵓⵣ 2976 ⴰⵔ ⵖⵉⵍ ⴰⴷ ⵍⵍⴰⵏ 12 242 ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⴷ ⵙ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⴰⵎⴹⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵏⵙⵎⵔⴰⵙⵏ: 45
ⴰⵏⵎⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ● ⵉⵎⵓⵙⵙⵓⵜⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵎⵣⵉⵣⵡⵔⵏ ● ⵙⵎⵎⵓⵙⵜ ⵜⵔⵙⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵡⵉⴽⵉⴱⵉⴷⵢⴰ ● ⵉⵙⵡⵉⵔⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⴷⵏ ● ⵥⵕ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ● Read in English

ⴰⵎⵏⵏⵉ ⵓⴼⵔⵉⵏ

ⵊⴰⴽ ⴱⵉⵏⵉ (ⵙ ⵜⴼⵕⴰⵚⵉⵚⵜ: Jacques Bénet) ⵏⵖ ⵊⴰⴽ ⴱⵉⵏⵉⵜ ⵏⵖ ⵙ ⵢⵉⵙⵎ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵓⵖⵣⵉⴼ ⵊⴰⴽ ⵎⴰⵖⵉ ⵍⵡⵉⵙ ⴱⵉⵏⵉ ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵔⴳⴰⵣ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵔⵜⵉⵜ ⴷ ⵓⵏⵣⴱⴰⵢ ⴰⴼⵕⴰⵏⵚⵉⵚ, ⵉⴽⴽⴰ ⵜⵓⴳⴷⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵔⵓⵜⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⵙⵙⵓⴳⵓⵔⵉⵏ ⵢⴰⵜⵜⵓⵢⵏ ⴳ ⴼⵕⴰⵏⵚⴰ, ⵉⴳ ⵓⵍⴰ ⵙⴳ ⵜⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⵡⵜ ⵏ ⵉⴹⴰⵕⵏ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵏⵏ (ⵉⴼⵕⴰⵏⵚⵉⵚⵏ ⵏⵖ ⵉⵕⵓⵎⵉⵏ ⵏⵏ ⵉⵍⵓⵍⵏ ⴳ ⴷⴷⵣⴰⵢⵔ). ⵉⵍⵓⵍ ⴳ 8 ⵢⵓⵍⵢⵓⵣ 1915 ⴳ ⵜⴳⵔⴰⵡⵜ ⵜⴰⴼⵕⴰⵏⵚⵉⵚⵜ ⴱⵍⴰⵏⴼⵉⵍ ⴽⵅⵓⴼⵓ ⴳ ⵜⵙⴳⴰ ⵏ ⵏⵓⵕⵎⴰⵏⴷⵉ, ⴰⴳⴰⴼⴰⵢ ⵓⵜⵔⵉⵎ ⵏ ⴼⵕⴰⵏⵚⴰ, ⵉⵎⵎⵜ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 2009 ⴳ ⵡⴰⵙⵙ ⵏ 23 ⴰⴱⵔⵉⵍ ⴳ ⵙⴰⵏ ⵎⵓⵖ ⴷⵉ ⴼⵉⵙⵉ ⴳ ⴼⵕⴰⵏⵚⴰ.

ⵊⴰⴽ ⴱⵉⵏⵉ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵢⵉⵡⵉⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴳⵢⴰⴽ ⴷ ⵓⵎⵙⵙⴰⵖ ⵏ ⵜⵉⴼⵙⵜ ⵀⵉⵏⵔⵉ ⴱⵉⵏⵉ. ⵉⵖⵔⴰ ⴳ ⵜⵎⴷⵉⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵖⵡⵓⵏ ⴰⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⵢⵓⵎⵥ ⴰⴱⴰⴽⴰⵍⵓⵕⵢⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1933 ⵉⵍⵎⵎⴰ ⵉⴼⵜⵓ ⵙ ⴱⴰⵔⵉⵣ ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰ ⵏⵏ ⵖⵉⵏⵏ ⵉⵙⵎⴷ ⵜⵉⵖⵔⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⴰⵙⴷⴰⵡⴰⵏⵜ. ⴳ ⵜⵏⵕⵥⵎⵉⵏ, ⴰⵔ ⵉⴼⵜⵜⵓ ⵙ ⵜⵎⵉⵣⴰⵔ ⵜⵉⵊⵉⵔⵎⴰⵏⵉⵢⵉⵏ ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ ⵏⵏⵎⵙⴰ, ⵀⴰⵏⴳⴰⵔⵢⴰ ⴷ ⵜⵛⵉⴽⵉⵙⵍⵓⴼⴰⴽⵢⴰ ⴰⵛⴽⵓ ⴰⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⵉⵔⵉ ⵜⴰⴷⵍⵙⴰ ⴷ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ ⴰⵊⵉⵔⵎⴰⵏⵉ ⴷ ⵉⵔⴰ ⴰ ⵉⵙⴼⴰⵍⴽⵉ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵍⵉⵎⴰⵏⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ. ⵉⴽⵛⵎ ⵙ ⵜⴰⴷⴷⴰⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵉⴱⴰⴱⵏ ⵎⴰⵖⵉⵙⵜ, ⴰⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⵉⵔⵉ ⵙ ⵜⵓⴳⵜⵜ ⵜⵉⵡⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵏⴰⵎⵓⵏⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵏⴼⴳⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⴰⵢⴰ ⴰ ⵜ ⵢⵓⴷⴷⵊⴰⵏ ⴰ ⵉⴽⵛⵎ ⵙ ⵉⵎⵓⵙⵙⵓⵜⵏ ⵉⵙⵡⵓⵔⴰⵢⵏ ⴳ ⵉⴳⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵉⵙⵉ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵎⵓⵏⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵏⴼⴳⴰⵏⵜ, ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵢⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⵊⴰⴽ ⴱⵉⵏⵉ ⵙ ⵜⵡⵉⵙⵉ ⵏ ⵎⴷⴷⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵡⴰⴷⴷⴰⴷ ⴰⵏⴰⵎⵓⵏ ⵉⵛⵇⵇⴰⵏ, ⴰⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵡⵙ ⵙ ⵜⵏⵜⵍⴰ. ⵢⵓⵎⵥ ⵜⵓⵔⴰⴳⵜ ⴳ ⵉⵣⵔⴼ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1936, ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1935 ⵉⴽⵛⵎ ⵙ ⵜⵉⵏⵎⵍ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵎⵓⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵜⵜⴰⵎⵉⵏ ⵢⴰⵎⵥ ⴳⵉⵙ ⵜⵓⵔⴰⴳⵜ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1938. ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1939 ⵉⴽⵛⵎ ⵙ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵜⴰⵙⴷⵔⴰⵙⵜ ⴳ ⵜⵉⵏⵎⵍ ⵜⴰⵎⵥⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⴷⵔⴰⵙⵜ ⵏ ⵙⴰⵏⵜ ⵎⵉⴽⵙⵓⵏ. ⵢⵓⵎⵥ ⵊⴰⴽ ⴱⵉⵏⵉ ⴰⴱⴰⴽⴰⵍⵓⵕⵢⴰ ⴳ ⵜⵎⵔⵙⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵊⵓⵢⵏ-ⵍⴰⵎⴱⵉⵕ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵜⵉⵏⵎⵍ ⵏⵏⴰ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵉⴼⵓⵍⴽⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵎⴷⵉⵏⵜ ⵖⵡⵓⵏ, ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰ ⵉⵎⵎⴰⵜⵜⵉ ⵙ ⵜⵎⴰⵥⵓⵏⵜ ⴱⴰⵔⵉⵣ ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰ ⵏⵏ ⴳⵉⵙ ⵉⵙⵎⴷ ⵜⵉⵖⵔⵉ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⴼⵍⵍⴰⵜ.

ⵖⵔ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ . ⵙⵙⵏⴼⵍ

ⴰⵎⵏⵏⵉ ⴰⵚⴱⵃⴰⵏ

ⴰⴼⵓⵙⴼⵓⵔ (ⵙ ⵜⵏⴳⵍⵉⵣⵜ: Phosphorus) ⵉⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⴼⵔⴷⵉⵙ ⴰⴽⵔⵓⵔⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵏⵉⴳⵍ ⵏⵏⵙ P, ⴱⵓ ⵡⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏ ⴰⴱⵍⴽⴰⵎ 15. ⴰⴼⵓⵙⴼⵓⵔ ⵓⵏⵣⵉⵍ ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⴳ ⵙⵏⴰⵜ ⵜⵍⵖⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵔⵙⵍⴰⵏⵉⵏ, ⴰⴼⵓⵙⴼⵓⵔ ⵓⵎⵍⵉⵍ ⴷ ⵓⴼⵓⵙⴼⵓⵔ ⴰⵣⴳⴳⵯⴰⵖ, ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⴰⵛⴽⵓ ⵉⴳⴰ ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ ⴰⵙⴷⵎⴰⵔ, ⴰⴼⵓⵙⴼⵓⵔ ⵓⵔ ⵊⵊⵓ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⴼⴰ ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⴼⵔⴷⵉⵙ ⵉⵍⴻⵍⵍⵉ ⴳ ⵡⴰⴽⴰⵍ. ⴷⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵉⵍⵉ ⴳ ⵜⵓⴳⵜⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵖⵓⵣⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴼⵓⵚⴼⴰⵟ. ⴰⴼⵓⵙⴼⵓⵔ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⴼⵔⴷⵉⵙ ⴰⵙⵉⵍⴰⵏ ⵉ ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ. ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⴳⵣⵣⵓⵎ ⴰⵙⵉⵍⴰⵏ ⴳ DNA, RNA, ⴷ ATP, ⴷ ⴰⵡⴷ ⵉⴼⵓⵙⴼⵓⴷⵓⵏⵏ ⵉⵙⵙⵉⵍⵉⵖⵏ ⵉⵍⵎⴳⵎⴰⵎⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵔⴰⵙⵉⵏ. ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵡⴷ ⴰⴼⵔⴷⵉⵙ ⴰⵔⵙⵍⴰⵏ ⵉ ⵉⵖⵙⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵓⵖⵎⴰⵙ.

ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵓⴼⵓⵙⴼⵓⵔ ⴳ ⵎⵏⵏⴰⵡⵜ ⵜⵍⵖⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵉⵎⵣⴰⵔⴰⵢⵏ, ⴷ ⵜⵎⵙⵖⴰⵔⴰⵜⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙⵏⵜ ⵎⵢⴰⵏⴰⵡⵏⵜ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ. ⵜⴰⵍⵖⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵙⴰⵏⵏ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵜⵏⵜ ⵓⴼⵓⵙⴼⵓⵔ ⴰⵎⵍⵍⴰⵍ, ⴰⵣⴳⴳⵯⴰⵖ, ⴷ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⴰⵏ.

ⴰⴼⵓⵙⴼⵓⵔ ⴰⵎⵍⵍⴰⵍ: ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵏⴰⵢ ⵙⴳ ⵜⵏⵛⵜⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ P4 ⵎⵎ ⴽⴽⵓⵥⵜ ⵜⵊⵓⵎⵎⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵉⵥⵍⵉⵏ. ⵉⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵏⴳⴰ ⵜⵓⵏⵜⵉⵎⵜ ⵜⵓⵎⵍⵉⵍⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⴷⵓⵙⵜ, ⵎⴰⵛⵛ ⴷⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⴳⴳⴰ ⴰⵡⵔⴰⵖ ⴽⵓⴷⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵣⵔⵉ ⴳ ⵜⵉⴼⴰⵡⵜ. ⴰⴼⵓⵙⴼⵓⵔ ⵓⵎⵍⵉⵍ ⴷⴰ ⵢⴰⴽⴽⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵙⵎⵔⵖⴰ ⴰⵣⴳⵣⴰⵡ ⵉⴼⵙⵙⵓⵙⵏ ⴽⵓⴷⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵎⵎⴰⵇⵇⴰⵔ ⴷ ⵓⴽⵙⵉⵊⵉⵏ (ⴰⵙⵎⵔⵖⴰ ⴰⴽⵔⵓⵔⴰⵏ), ⵉⴳⴰ ⵉⵎⵉⵔⵉⵏ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ, ⴷ ⵉⵥⴹⴰⵕ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵔⵖ ⵙ ⵓⵡⵓⵔⵎⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵣⵡⵓ. ⵙ ⵓⵙⵔⴰⴳ ⵏ ⵓⵢⴰⴷ, ⴷⴰ ⴱⴷⴷⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵃⴹⴰ ⴷⴷⴰⵡ ⵡⴰⵎⴰⵏ.

ⴰⴼⵓⵙⴼⵓⵔ ⴰⵣⴳⴳⵯⴰⵖ: ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⴱⵓⵍⵉⵎⵉⵔⵉ ⴳ ⵜⵓⵥⴽⵉⵡⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ. ⴷⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵉⵍⵉⵖ ⵙ ⵓⵙⵙⵔⵖ ⵏ ⵓⴼⵓⵙⴼⵓⵔ ⴰⵎⵍⵍⴰⵍ ⴰⵔ 250 °C ⴳ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵡⵏⵏⴰⴹⵜ ⴳ ⵓⵔ ⵉⵍⵍⵉ ⵓⴽⵙⵉⵊⵉⵏ. ⵉⴷⵔⵓⵙ ⴳ ⵓⵎⵢⴰⴳⴳⴰ ⴷ ⵜⵎⵉⵔⵉⵏⵜ ⵖⴼ ⵓⵎⵍⵍⴰⵍ, ⴷ ⵓⵔ ⴷⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵎⵢⴰⴳⴳⴰ ⵙ ⵜⵖⴰⵔⴰⵙⵜ ⵜⴰⵡⵓⵔⵎⴰⵏⵜ ⴳ ⵓⵣⵡⵓ. ⴰⵙⵎⵔⵙ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉⴳⴳⵓⵜⵏ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵜ ⴳ ⵜⵊⵓⵎⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵜⴼⵏⵉⵇⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴽⴱⵔⵉⵜ, ⵍⵍⵉ ⴳ ⴷⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵎⵢⴰⴳⴳⴰ ⴷ ⵜⵏⴳⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⴽⵔ ⴰⴼⴰ.

ⴰⴼⵓⵙⴼⵓⵔ ⴰⴱⵔⴽⴰⵏ: ⵉⴳⴰ ⵜⴰⵍⵖⴰ ⵜⵉⵎⵣⴳⵉⵜ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⴳ ⵜⵣⵖⵍⵎⵓⵙⵙⵓⵜ. ⵉⴷⵔⵓⵙ ⴳ ⵓⵎⵢⴰⴳⴳⴰ ⴳ ⵜⵍⵖⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵔⵡⴰⵙ ⴰⴳⵔⴰⴼⵉⵜ ⴳ ⵜⵓⵥⴽⵉⵡⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⴰⵔⴰⵢⴰⵏⵜ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵥⵍⴰⵎⵏ, ⴰⵢⵍⵍⵉ ⵜ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵊⵊⴰⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴳ ⴰⵎⵣⵣⵔⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵓⵥⴰⵕⵓⵕ. ⵉⵥⴹⴰⵕ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⴽⴰⵔ ⵙ ⵓⵙⵙⵔⵖ ⵏ ⵓⴼⵓⵙⴼⵓⵔ ⵓⵎⵍⵉⵍ ⴷⴷⴰⵡ ⵡⵓⴷⵓⵣ ⵢⴰⵜⵜⵓⵢⵏ.

ⵙⵙⵏⴼⵍ . ⵖⵔ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ

ⴰⵎⵏⵏⵉ ⵓⵙⵎⵉⴷ

ⵍⴰⵢⵍⴰ ⴰⴱⵓⵣⵉⴷ (ⵜⵍⵓⵍ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⴰⵙ ⵏ 1950), ⵜⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵎⴰⵔⴰⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱⵉⵜ ⵉⵣⴷⵖⵏ ⴳ ⵕⵕⴱⴰⴹ. ⵜⵍⵓⵍ ⴳ ⵍⵇⵚⵉⴱⴰ, ⵜⵖⵔⴰ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴳⵍⵉⵣⵜ ⴳ ⵜⵙⴷⴰⵡⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵡⵉⵙ ⵙⵎⵎⵓⵙ ⴳ ⵕⵕⴱⴰⴹ, ⴷⵉⵏⵏ ⴰ ⴳ ⵜⵓⵎⵥ ⵜⵓⵔⴰⴳⵜ ⴷ ⵉⵍⵎⵎⴰ ⵜⵎⵓⴷⴷⴰ ⵖⵔ ⵉⵡⴰⵏⴽⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⵏⵏ ⵏ ⵎⴰⵔⵉⴽⴰⵏ ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵖⵔ ⴳ ⵜⵙⴷⴰⵡⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵉⴽⵙⴰⵙ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵜⵉⵏ, ⴷ ⵜⵙⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵓⵖⵍ ⴷ ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ.

ⵜⵙⵙⵏⵜⵉ ⵜⴰⵡⴰⴷⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⴰⵣⵣⵓⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⴰⵎ ⵜⵏⵖⵎⴰⵙⵜ ⴳ ⵜⵉⵍⵉⴼⵉⵣⵢⵓⵏ, ⴷ ⵜⵙⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⴳ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵉⴱⵔⵙⵉⵔⴰⵜⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵡⵙⴰⵙⵏ, ⴳⵉⵙⵏ ⴰⵡⴷ ⴰⴱⵔⵙⵉⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⵡⴰⵙ ⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ. ⵜⵓⵔⴰ ⵓⵏⴳⴰⵍ, ⵜⴰⵏⴼⵓⵙⵜ, ⵜⴰⵔⵉⴷⵉⵔⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⵔⵇⵇⴰⵙⵜ (ⵜⴰⵏⴰⴱⴰⵡⵉⵜ), ⵜⴰⵙⴽⵏⵉⴷⵉⵔⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵙⴽⵍⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵢⵓⴷⴷⵓⵜ. ⴷ ⵜⵙⵓⵖⵍ ⵙⴳ ⵜⵏⴳⵍⵉⵣⵜ ⵖⵔ ⵜⵄⵕⴰⴱⵜ ⵜⴰⵔⵉⴷⵉⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵓⴳⵍⵍⵉⴷ ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵡⵉⵙ ⵙⵎⵎⵓⵙ ⴷ ⵜⵙⴽⵏⵉⴷⵉⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵎⴰⵍⴽⵓⵎ ⵉⴽⵙ. ⵜⵜⵓⵙⵓⵖⵍⵏ ⵉⴳⵉⵜⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵖⵔ ⵜⵏⴳⵍⵉⵣⵜ, ⵜⴰⵍⵉⵎⴰⵏⵜ, ⵜⴰⵀⵓⵍⴰⵏⴷⵉⵜ, ⵜⴰⵟⴰⵍⵢⴰⵏⵉⵜ, ⵜⴰⵚⴱⵍⵢⵓⵏⵉⵜ, ⵜⴰⴼⵕⴰⵏⵚⵉⵚⵜ, ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵍⵟⵉⵜ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵍⵓⵕⴷⵓⵏⵉⵜ.

ⵉⴽⴽⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵓⵖⴰⵡⴰⵙ ⴰⵏⵣⵡⴰⵢ ⵏ ⴰⴱⵓⵣⵉⴷ ⴰⵡⵀⵉⴷ ⵓⵔ ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ ⴽⵓⵍⵍⵓ ⵉⵖⴰⵡⴰⵙⵏ, ⴰⵛⴽⵓ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⴼⵙⴰⵔ ⵙ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵄⵕⴰⴱⵜ ⵓⵔ ⴷ ⵙ ⵜⴼⵕⴰⵏⵚⵉⵚⵜ ⴰⵎ ⵉⵖⴰⵡⴰⵙⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⴰⵏⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⴳ ⴰ ⵜⵜⵓⴼⵙⴰⵔⵏ ⵙ ⵜⴼⵕⴰⵏⵚⵉⵚⵜ, ⴰⵛⴽⵓ ⴰⵏⵣⵡⴰⵢ ⵉⴽⴽⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵎ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵜⴰⵏⵙⴱⴱⴰⴱⵜ, ⴷ ⵜⴽⴽⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵜⴼⵕⴰⵏⵚⵉⵚⵜ ⴷⴰ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵓⵙⵎⵔⴰⵙ ⴳ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵏⵙⴱⴱⴰⴱⵉⵏ. ⴰⵎ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⴳⵣⵣⵓⵎ ⵙⴳ ⵓⵖⴰⵡⴰⵙ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⵜⵙⵓⵖⵍ ⵍⴰⵢⵍⴰ ⵉⵙⵉⵏⴰⵔⵢⵓⵜⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵙⵓⵔⴰ ⵖⵔ ⵜⵄⵕⴰⴱⵜ.

ⵙⵙⵏⴼⵍ .ⵖⵔ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ

ⵜⴰⵍⴳⴰⵎⵜ ⵜⵓⴼⵔⵉⵏⵜ

ⵙⵙⵉⵏⵉⵎⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵙⵙⵉⵏⵉⵎⴰ ⴷⴰ ⵉⵙⴰⵡⴰⵍⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ. ⵜⵓⴷⴷⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵙⵙⵉⵏⵉⵎⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⵍⵍⴰ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1934 ⵙ ⵓⴼⵉⵍⵎ ⵏ ⵉⵟⵟⵓ, ⴰⴼⵉⵍⵎ ⴰⴷ, ⴰⴷ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵉⵣⵡⴰⵔⵏ ⵉⵙ ⴷ ⵉⴼⴼⴰⵖ ⵙ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ, ⴰⵔ ⵉⵙⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵙ ⵜⴰⵏⵜⴰⵍⴰ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵛⵍⵃⵉⵜ, ⴰⵙⵓⵍⴼ ⵏ ⵓⴼⵉⵍⵎ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⴳ ⵉⴷⵔⴰⵔⵏ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵟⵍⴰⵚ ⵎⵇⵇⵓⵔⵏ, ⵉⵎⵙⵙⵓⴼⴰⵖ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳⴰⵏ ⵜⵏ: ⵊⵓⵏ ⴱⵉⵏⵡⴰ ⵍⵉⴼⵉ, ⵎⴰⵕⵉ ⵉⴱⵛⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⴷ ⵄⴱⴷⵍⵍⴰⵀ ⴰⴳⵍⴰⵡⵡⵓ. ⴰⴼⵉⵍⵎ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵜⴰⵢⴰⴼⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵢⴰⵡⴰⵙ ⵉⵏⴳⵔ ⵉⴼⵕⴰⵏⵚⵉⵚⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵏ ⵏ ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ.

ⵜⵓⴷⴷⵎⴰ ⵏⵏⵖ ⴰⵙⵏⵜⵉ ⵏ ⵙⵙⵉⵏⵉⵎⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⴳ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵙⵓⵙ ⵜⵍⵍⴰ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1934 ⵙ ⵓⴼⵉⵍⵎ ⵍⵍⵉ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵉⵣⵡⴰⵔⵏ ⵙ ⵜⴰⵏⵜⴰⵍⴰ ⵜⴰⵛⵍⵃⵉⵜ; ⴰⴷ ⵜ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵍⴼⵉⵍⵎ ⵏ "ⵉⵟⵟⵓ", ⵉⴼⴼⴰⵖ ⴷ ⵓⴼⵉⵍⵎ ⴰⴷ ⵙ ⵓⵎⵢⴰⵡⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵕⵓⵎⵉⵢⵏ, ⵎⴰⵔⵉ ⵉⴱⵛⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⴷ ⵊⵓⵏ ⴱⵉⵏⵡⴰ ⵍⵉⴼⵉ , ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵙⵓⵍⴼ ⵓⴼⵉⵍⵎ ⴰⴷ ⴳ ⵜⵎⴷⵉⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵍⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵙⴳⴳⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ. ⵉⵍⵎⵎⴰ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1989 ⵉⴼⴼⴰⵖ ⴷ ⵓⴼⵉⵍⵎ ⵏ " ⵜⴰⵎⵖⴰⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵡⵓⵔⵖ " ⵍⵍⵉ ⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵓⴼⵖ ⵙⵙⵉ ⵃⴰⵙⴰⵏ ⴱⵉⵢⵣⴳⴰⵔⵏ (ⵉⴹⴼⴰⵕ ⵜ ⵓⴼⵉⵍⵎ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵉⴳⵉⵍⵜ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1993), ⴰⵡⵙⵏ ⴳⵉⵙ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵏⵓⵥⴰⵕ ⵉⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵏ. ⵉⵙⴰⵡⵍ ⴷ ⵓⴼⵉⵍⵎ ⴰⴷ ⵅⴼ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵖⴰⵡⵙⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⴳⵉⵙⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⴳⵉⵜ ⴷ ⵡⴰⴽⴰⵍ ⴷ ⵡⴰⴷⴷⵓⵔ. ⵉⴹⴼⴰⵕ ⵜ ⵉⴷ ⵏⵉⵜ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1993 ⴰⴼⵉⵍⵎ ⵍⵍⵉ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵡⵙⵙⵏⵏ ⴳ ⵙⵙⵉⵏⵉⵎⴰ ⵜⴰⵛⵍⵃⵉⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ, ⴰⴷ ⵜ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵓⴼⵉⵍⵎ ⵏ " ⴱⵓⵜⴼⵓⵏⴰⵙⵜ " ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵙⴽⵔⵏ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴳⵔⴰⵡⵍⴰ ⵎⵇⵇⵓⵔⵏ ⴳ ⵙⵙⵉⵏⵉⵎⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵙ ⵓⵎⵢⴰⵡⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵎⵓⵃⴰⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⴰⴱⴰⵄⵎⵕⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵍⵃⵓⵙⴰⵢⵏ ⵉⴱⵓⴽⴰ. ⵉⴹⴼⴰⵕ ⵜ ⵉⴷ ⵓⵍⴰ ⵏⵜⵜⴰ ⵓⴼⵉⵍⵎ ⵏ " ⴳⴰⵔ ⵜⵉⵎⵖⴰⵔⵉⵏ ", ⵄⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⴷ ⴰⵛⴽⵉⵏ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵉⴼⵉⵍⵎⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉ.

ⵙⵙⵏⴼⵍ . ⵖⵔ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ

ⵜⴰⵡⵍⴰⴼⵜ ⵜⵓⴼⵔⵉⵏⵜ

ⵥⵕ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⴳ ⵡⵉⴽⵉⵎⵉⴷⵢⴰ ⴽⵓⵎⴰⵏⵥ

ⵙⵜⵉ ⵜⴰⵡⵍⴰⴼⵜ ⵏⵏⴽ ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴳ ⵜⵓⴼⵔⵉⵏⵜ . ⴰⵙⴼⵙⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵍⴰⴼⵉⵏ ⵜⵓⴼⵔⵉⵏⵉⵏ

ⴰⵡⵡⵓⵔ ⵓⴼⵔⵉⵏ

ⴰⵡⵡⵓⵔ ⵏ ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ

ⵙⵙⵏⴼⵍ . ⵥⵕ ⴰⵡⵡⵓⵔ

ⵎⴰ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵡⵉⴽⵉⴱⵉⴷⵢⴰ?

ⵜframeless

ⵡⵉⴽⵉⴱⵉⴷⵢⴰ ⵏⵖ ⵡⵉⴽⵉⵒⵉⴷⵢⴰ (Wikipedia ⵙ ⵜⵏⴳⵍⵉⵣⵜ) ⴷ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⴼⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵔⵓⵎⵙⵏⴰ ⵜⴰⵖⵣⵓⵔⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⴳⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ (291 ⵏ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵡⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ ⵏ 2015). ⵡⵉⴽⵉⴱⵉⴷⵢⴰ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵎⵔⴰⵡ ⵡⴰⵏⵙⵉⵡⵏ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵉⵜⵜⵡⴰⵙⵙⵏⵏ ⴳ ⵡⴰⵏⵜⵉⵔⵏⵉⵜ. ⵉⵙⵏⴼⵍⵓⵍ ⵜⵜ ⵊⵉⵎⵉ ⵡⵉⵍⵣ ⴷ ⵍⴰⵔⵉ ⵙⴰⵏⴳⵔ ⴰⵙⵙ ⵏ 15 ⵉⵏⵏⴰⵢⵔ 2001. ⴷ ⵙⴰⵏⵊⵔ ⴰⴷ ⴰⵙ ⵉⴼⴽⴰⵏ ⵉⵙⵎ ⴰⴷ, ⵉⵙⵎ ⴰⴷ ⵏ ⵡⵉⴽⵉⴱⵉⴷⵢⴰ ⵉⴱⴹⴰ ⵖⴼ ⵙⵏⴰⵜ ⵜⴳⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ, "ⵡⵉⴽⵉ" ⵙ ⵓⵏⴰⵎⴽ ⵏ ⴱⵣⵔⴱⴰ ⵙ ⵓⵏⴰⵎⴽ ⵏ ⴷⴰ ⴷⵉⴳⵙ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⵓⵎⵍⴰⵏ ⴷⵖⵢⴰ, ⴷ "ⴱⵉⴷⵢⴰ" ⵍⵍⵉ ⴷ ⵉⴽⴽⴰⵏ ⵜⴳⵓⵔⵉ ⵏ "encyclopedia". ⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⵃⵔⴰ ⵜⵙⵙⵏⵜⵉ ⵜⴽⴽⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵖⴰⵙ ⵙ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴳⵍⵉⵣⵜ, ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⴷⵖⵢⴰ ⵙ ⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⴷ ⴷⵉⴳⵙ ⵓⵎⴰⵏⵏⵜ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏ. ⵖⵉⵍⴰⴷ ⵍⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⵏ 300 (ⴽⵕⴰⴹⵜ ⵜⵎⴰⴹ) ⵏ ⵉⴷ ⵡⵉⴽⵉⴱⵉⴷⵢⴰ, ⵜⵉⵏ ⵜⵏⴳⵍⵉⵣⵜ ⴰⴷ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⴷⵉⴳⵙⵏⵜ ⵉⵎⵇⵇⵓⵔⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵟⵟⴰⴼ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⵏ 7 ⵏ ⵉⴷ ⵎⵍⵢⵓⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⴷⵏ. ⴳ ⵉⴷ ⵡⵉⴽⵉⴱⵉⴷⵢⴰ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ, ⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ 40 (ⴽⵓⵎⵔⴰⵡ) ⵉⴷ ⵎⵍⵢⵓⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵎⴳⵔⴰⴷⵏ ⵙ 300 (ⴽⵕⴰⴹⵜ ⵜⵎⴰⴹ) ⵏ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵉⵏ. ⴳ ⴱⵕⴰⵢⵕ 2014 (ⵙⵉⵏ ⵉⴼⴹⵏ ⴷ ⴽⴽⵓⵥ ⴷ ⵎⵔⴰⵡ) ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵓⵢⵥⵕⴰ ⵡⵉⴽⵉⴱⵉⴷⵢⴰ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ 18 ⵉⴷ ⵎⵍⵢⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵜⴽⴽⴰⵍ ⴷ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ 500 ⵉⴷ ⵎⵍⵢⵓⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵔⴳⴰⴱⵏ ⴽⵔⴰⵢⴳⴰⵜⵜ ⴰⵢⵢⵓⵔ.

ⵙⵙⵏⴼⵍ . ⵖⵔ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ

ⵉⵏⵖⵎⵉⵙⵏ

ⵉⵎⵎⵓⵜ ⵓⵎⵙⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖ ⵀⴰⵔⵉ ⵙⵜⵔⵓⵎⵔ ⴳ ⵡⴰⵙⵙ ⵏ 19 ⵢⵓⵍⵢⵓⵣ 2026, ⴰⵎⵙⵏⵉⵍⵙ ⵏⵏⵉ ⵉⴼⴽⴰⵏ ⵛⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵉ ⵡⴰⴷⴷⴰⴷ ⴰⴽⴰⴷⵉⵎⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ.
ⵀⴰⵏ ⵙⵢⵓⵏⴳ ⵙⵓⴽ ⵜⵓⵎⵥ ⵜⴰⵔⵙⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵙⵙⵉⵖⴼⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵡⵙⴰⵙⵏ ⵏ ⴽⵓⵔⵢⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵥⵓⵍ, ⵃⵓⵎⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴰⵖⵓⵍ ⴷ ⵜⵉⵙ ⵙⵏⴰⵜ ⵜⵎⵟⵟⵓⴹⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵉ ⵢⵓⵎⵥⵏ ⵜⴰⵔⵙⵓⵜ ⴳ ⵜⵎⵓⵔⵜ.
ⵜⵓⴼⵔⵉⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵚⴱⴰⵏⵢⴰ ⵜⵓⵡⵉ ⴰⴽⵔⵡⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ ⴹⴰⵕⵜ ⵎⴰⵢⴷ ⵜⵏⵔⴰ ⵜⵓⴼⵔⵉⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵔⵊⵓⵏⵜⵉⵏ ⵙ 1 - 0 ⵏⵏⴰ ⵏⵏ ⵉⵣⵎⵎⴻⵎ ⵓⵎⵓⵔⴰⵔ ⴼⵉⵕⴰⵏ ⵟⵓⵕⵉⵚ.
ⴰⴼⵉⵍⵎ ⵏ "ⵉⵎⵏⵖⵉ ⵜⴰⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ" ⵢⵓⵡⵉ ⵚⴹⵉⵚⵜ ⵜⵙⵎⵖⵓⵔⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴽⴰⵔ ⴳ ⵜⴼⵓⴳⵍⴰ ⵜⵉⵙ ⵜⵥⴰⵎⵔⴰⵡ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵎ, ⵢⵓⵎⴰⵏ ⵓⵢⴰ ⵜⴰⵙⵎⵖⵓⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵓⴼⵉⵍⵎ ⴰⵎⵓⴼⴰⵢ ⴷ ⵓⵎⵙⵙⵓⴼⵖ ⴰⵎⵓⴼⴰⵢ ⵉ ⴱⵓⵍ ⵜⵓⵎⴰⵙ ⴰⵏⴷⵔⵙⵓⵏ.

ⵔⵏⵓ ⴰⵏⵖⵎⵉⵙ . ⵜⵉⵎⵃⴹⵉⵜ

ⴰⵎ ⵡⴰⵙⵙ ⴰⴷ

ⵡⵉⴽⵉⴱⵉⴷⵢⴰ:ⴰⵎ ⵡⴰⵙⵙ ⴰⴷ/25 ⵢⵓⵍⵢⵓⵣ

ⵙⵙⵏⴼⵍ

ⵏⵏⴰⵏ ⵡⵉⵍⵍⵉ ⵣⵔⵉⵏⵉⵏ

	ⵙⵉⴳⵍ ⵙ ⵜⴰⵎⵖⴰⵔⵜ ⵖ ⵜⴰⵎⴳⵔⴰ ⵓⵔ ⴷ ⵖ ⵜⵎⵖⵔⴰ
—ⴰⵏⵣⵉ ⴰⵛⵍⵃⵉ

ⵙⵙⵏⴼⵍ

ⵉⵙ ⵜⵙⵙⵏⴷ?

... ⵎⴰⵙ ⴷ ⵡⵉⵏⵙⵜⵓⵏ ⵜⵛⵔⵜⵛⵉⵍ (ⴷⴳ ⵜⵡⵍⴰⴼⵜ) ⴰⵢⴷ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⵏⵙⵙⵉⵖⴼ ⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵡⵙⴰⵙⵏ ⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ ⵏⵏⵉ ⵢⵓⵎⵥⵏ ⵜⴰⵙⵎⵖⵓⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵏⵓⴱⵍ ⴳ ⵜⵙⴽⵍⴰ ⴷⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⴰⵙ ⵏ 1953?
... ⵎⴰⵙ ⴷ ⵜⵓⵔⵜⵉⵜ ⴽⵡⵉⴽⵏⵀⵓⴼ ⵏⵏⵉ ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⴳ ⵀⵓⵍⴰⵏⴷⴰ, ⴷ ⵜⵓⵔⵜⵉⵜ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵉⵎⵇⵇⵓⵔⵏ ⴷⴳ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ?
... ⵎⴰⵙ ⴷ ⵉⵎⵏⴰⵍⴰⵜⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵛⴰⵎⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴹⴰⵕ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵔⴳⵏ ⴰⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⵉⵏⴽⵔ ⵢⵉⵎⵏⵖⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵉⴹⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵔⴰⴳⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵙⵔⴳ ⴰⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⵎⵎⵓⵜⵏ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⵏ 3000 ⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ?
... ⵎⴰⵙ ⴷ ⵡⵉⵍⵀⵍⵎⵓⵙ ⵓ ⵏⴰⵙⴰⵡ ⴰⵀⵓⵍⴰⵏⴷⵉ, ⵏⵏⵉ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⵓⵔⵉⵔⵏ ⴳ 1574, ⴰⵢⴷ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵉⵣⵍⵉ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵉⵇⴱⵔⵏ ⴷⴳ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ?
... ⵎⴰⵙ ⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵎⴰⵣⵍⵍⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵙⵉⴼ ⵏ ⵉⴳⵏⵡⴰⵏ ⴳⵔ 100 ⴰⵔ 400 ⵏ ⵓⵎⵍⵢⴰⵕ ⵏ ⵢⵉⵜⵔⵉ, ⴳ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵍⵍⵉ ⴳ ⵍⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⵖⴼ ⵓⵎⵜⵉⵡⴳ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴽⴰⵍ ⴰⵜⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⵏ 3 ⵏ ⵓⵜⵔⵉⵍⵢⵓⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴰⴷⴷⴰⴳⵜ?
... ⵎⴰⵙ ⴷ ⴰⴼⵜⴰⵙ/ⵎⵕⵚⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴷⵉⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵟⴰⵏⵊⴰ ⴳ ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ ⴰⵢⴷ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⴼⵜⴰⵙ ⴰⵎⵇⵔⴰⵏ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⴳ ⴳⵔ ⵉⴼⵜⴰⵙⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴼⵔⵉⵇⵜ ⴷ ⵢⵉⵍⵍ ⴰⴳⵔⴰⴽⴰⵍ?
... ⵎⴰⵙ ⴷ ⴰⵙⴳⵔⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵛⵉⴼⵢⵉⵍⴷ ⵓ ⵏⵏⴳⵍⵉⵣ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⵙⴳⵔⴰⵡ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵉⵇⴱⵔⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵛⴰⵎⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴹⴰⵕ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵥⵍⵉⵏ ⴷⴳ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ ⴷ ⵉⵙⵓⵍ ⵓⴽⴰⵏ ⵙⵓⵍ ⵙ ⵖⵉⵍⴰⴷ?
... ⵎⴰⵙ ⴷ ⵎⴰⵕⵉ ⴽⵓⵔⵉ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓⵜ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵢⵓⵡⵉⵏ ⵙⵏⴰⵜ ⵜⵙⵎⵖⵓⵔⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵏⵓⴱⵍ, ⴷⴳ ⵜⴼⵉⵣⵉⴽⵜ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⴰⵙ ⵏ 1903 ⴷ ⵜⴽⵔⵓⵔⴰ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⴰⵙ ⵏ 1911?

ⵔⵏⵓ ⵓⵎⵍⵉ . ⵜⵉⵎⵃⴹⵉⵜ

ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ ⵙ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ

ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵓ ⵄⵍⵉ ⴰⵡⵣⴰⵍ (1660 - 1749) ⵙ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵏ ⵢⵉⴼⴼⵓⵙ ⵙ ⵓⵙⴽⴽⵉⵍ ⴰⵄⵕⴰⴱ

ⵙⵙⵏⴼⵍ ● ⵥⵕ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ

ⵉⵎⵉⴷⵉ ⴳ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ

ⴰⴷ ⵓⵔ ⵜⴰⵔⵉⴷ: ⵜⴰⵙⵍⵎⴰⵜⵜ, ⵜⵓⴳⵜⵜ.
ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⴰⵔⴰ: ⵜⴰⵙⵍⵎⴰⴷⵜ, ⵜⵓⴳⴷⵜ.
ⵎⵉⵏⵣⵉ ⵜⵎⵙⴰⵔ ⵖⵉⴷ ⵜⵓⵎⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ (assimilation) (ⴳ ⵡⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⴷ+ⵜ= ⵜⵜ) ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⴳ ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ ⴷⴰ ⵏⵜⵜⴰⵔⴰ (ⴷⵜ) ⵙ ⵓⵎⴷⵢⴰ ⵜⴰⵙⵍⵎⴰⴷⵜ, ⵜⵓⴳⴷⵜ. ⴷ ⴰⵡⴷ ⴰⵎⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵍⵎⴰⴷⵜ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵜ ⴰⴷⵍⵍⵉ "ⴰⵙⵍⵎⴰⴷ", ⵏⵔⵏⵓ ⴰⵙ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵜⴰⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵡⵓⵏⵜⵉ (ⵜ___ⵜ).

ⵡⵉⴽⵉⵎⴰⵡⴰⵍ · ⵙⵙⵏⴼⵍ

ⴰⵎⵙⵏⵉⵍⵙ ⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖ

ⵡⵉⴽⵉⴱⵉⴷⵢⴰ:ⴰⵎⵙⵏⵉⵍⵙ ⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖ/7

ⴰⵎⵏⵏⵉ ⴰⵎⴰⵢⵏⵓ

ⴰⵡⵙ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴱⵓⵖⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵡⵉⴽⵉⴱⵉⴷⵢⴰ ⵙ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ, ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⵣⵔⴽ ⵙ ⵓⵢⵏⵏⴰ ⵎⵉ ⵜⵓⴼⵉⴷ ⵉⵍⵓⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵉⵏⴰⴳ ⴰⴳⵍⴷⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ. ⵎⴽ ⵜⵓⴼⵉⴷ, ⵜⵜⴰⵔⴰ ⵙ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵉⵙⵎⴰⵏⵏ ⴳⵔ ⵜⵎⵣⴰⵔⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵉⵏ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵏ ⵎⵓⵔⴰⴽⵓⵛ. ⵎⴽ ⵓⵔ ⵜⵙⵙⵉⵏⴷ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵖⴰⵡⵙⴰ ⵏⵖ ⵜⵓⵙⵔⴷ ⵜⵉⵡⵉⵙⵉ, ⵥⵕ ⵜⴰⵙⵏⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵉⵙⵉ ⵏⵖ ⵜⵙⵇⵙⴰⴷ ⵉⵏⵙⵎⵔⴰⵙⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵡⴰⵡⵡⵓⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵉⵙⵉ

ⵡⵉⴽⵉⴱⵉⴷⵢⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⴷⵉⴳⵙ 12 242 ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⴷ, ⴰⵢⴰⵏⵏ ⴰ ⵖⴼ ⵉⵣⵎⵔ ⴰⴷ ⵢⵉⵍⵉ ⵓⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⴷ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵜⵔⵉⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵜ ⵜⴰⵔⴰⴷ. ⵉⴳ ⵜⵔⵉⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵉⵙⵙⴰⵏⴷ ⵉⵙ ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵓⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⴷ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵜⵔⵉⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵜ ⵜⴰⵔⴰⴷ (ⵉⵖⵢ ⴰⴷ ⵢⵉⵍⵉ ⵙ ⵢⵉⵙⵎ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ) ⵏⵖ ⴷ ⵓⵀⵓ, ⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ ⵜⴰⵙⵏⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵔⵣⵣⵓ. ⵉⴳ ⵓⵔ ⵉⵍⵍⵉ, ⴰⵔⴰ ⵉⵙⵎ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⴷ ⴳ ⵜⴼⵏⵉⵇⵜ ⵏ ⵢⵉⵣⴷⴷⴰⵔ, ⴰⴷ ⵉⵍⵎⵎⴰ ⵜⴹⴼⴰⵕⴷ ⵉⵙⵡⴰⵍⴰⵜⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵡⴼⴽⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵓⴼⵍⵍⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵏⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵥⵕⵉⴳⵜ.

ⵙⵙⵏⴼⵍ . ⵥⵕ ⵉⴼⵉⴷⵢⵓⵜⵏ ⵖⴼ ⵜⵖⴰⵔⴰⵙⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ ⴳ ⵡⵉⴽⵉⴱⵉⴷⵢⴰ

ⵉⵙⵏⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⴰⵢⵜⵎⴰⵜⵏ